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Friday, August 22, 2025

Common Diseases – Study Blog by Dr. Abdul Rehman Yousaf

1. Diabetes Mellitus (Sugar)

🔹 Overview (English)

Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes or “sugar disease”, is one of the most widespread chronic illnesses in the world. It occurs when the body cannot properly use or produce enough insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels. If untreated, high blood sugar can damage vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.

🔹 Overview (Urdu)

Diabetes Mellitus, jise aam zuban me “Sugar ki bemari” kaha jata hai, duniya ki sabse zyada paai jane wali chronic diseases me se ek hai. Ye tab hoti hai jab body theek tarah se insulin (wo hormone jo blood sugar ko control karta hai) ko produce nahi karti ya use sahi istemal nahi kar pati. Agar isay control na kiya jaye to high sugar level se dil, gurde, aankhen aur nerves kharab ho sakti hain.

🔹 Causes & Risk Factors (English)

Family history of diabetes

Obesity and sedentary lifestyle

Poor diet (high sugar, processed foods)

Stress and hormonal imbalances

Age over 40 (though now common in younger people too)

🔹Wajuhat aur Risk Factors (Urdu)

1.Agar family me pehle se diabetes hai.. 2.Zyada motapa aur kam physical activity

3.Ghalat diet (meetha aur junk food) 4.Stress aur hormonal problems

40 saal se upar umar (ab to young logon me bhi ziada ho rahi hai)

🔹 Symptoms (English)

Excessive thirst and frequent urination

Extreme fatigue

Unexplained weight loss

Blurred vision

Slow wound healing

Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

🔹 Alamat (Urdu)

Bohat zyada pyaas lagna aur baar baar washroom jana

Thakan ka izafa

Wazan ghair-wazeh tor par kam hona

Nazar dhundhli ho jana

Zakham ka dair tak theek na hona

Haathon aur paon me sunpan ya jhunjhunahat

🔹 Diagnosis (English)

Doctors usually recommend:

Fasting Blood Sugar Test (FBS)

HbA1c Test (3-month sugar average)

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

🔹 Tashkhees ( Urdu)

Doctors aam tor par ye tests karte hain:

Fasting Blood Sugar Test

HbA1c Test (3 mahine ki sugar ki average)

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

🔹 Treatment & Management (English)

Lifestyle modification: healthy diet, regular exercise

Oral medications (like Metformin)

Insulin injections for Type 1 or advanced Type 2 diabetes

Regular monitoring of blood sugar

Avoiding smoking and alcohol

🔹 Ilaj aur Control (In Urdu)

Lifestyle me tabdeeli: sehatmand khana aur exercise

Diabetes ki dawaiyan (Metformin waghera)

Type 1 ya ziada barh gayi Type 2 diabetes me insulin injections

Rozana sugar check karna

Smoking aur sharab se parhez

🔹 Prevention (English)

Maintain healthy weight

Exercise at least 30 minutes daily

Eat a balanced diet (low sugar, high fiber)

Regular medical checkups

🔹 Bachao (In Urdu)

Wazan normal rakhna

Rozana 30 minutes exercise karna

Sehatmand ghiza (kam meetha, ziada fiber)

Regular doctor checkup

Common Diseases – Study Blog by Dr. Abdul Rehman Yousaf

🔹 FAQs (English +Urdu)

Q: Can diabetes be completely cured?

A: No, diabetes cannot be permanently cured, but it can be controlled with proper treatment and lifestyle changes.

Urdu: Nahi, diabetes ka poora ilaj nahi hai, magar sahi ilaaj aur lifestyle se isay control kiya ja sakta hai.

Q: What is the normal fasting blood sugar level?

A: Usually between 70–99 mg/dL.

Urdu: Normal fasting sugar aam tor par 70–99 mg/dL hoti hai.

Wednesday, August 13, 2025

CNA Solved Past Papers Pakistan Nursing Council 2025-2026 By.Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

Anatomy And Physiology

Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)

Past Solved Paper (2024-2025)

By.Profesor Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

Nursing Examination Board (NEBP) PUNJAB
NURSING COUNCIL PAKISTAN (PNC)

Dear Students, I go through each question one by one in easy language so you can understand them clearly and remember them for your exam. Writing can sometimes be challenging, so I want to help make it easier for you. I’ll provide you with simple points that you can easily write down on your answer sheet. You're not alone in this, and I'm here to support you!

Q.1 Structure of the Heart and Circulation (10 marks)

Structure of the Heart

The heart is a muscular organ about the size of your fist, located in the middle of the chest.

Four chambers:

1. Right Atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

2. Right Ventricle – pumps this blood to the lungs.

3. Left Atrium – receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

4. Left Ventricle – pumps this blood to the whole body.

Valves 👇

👉(work like doors to prevent backflow)

1.Tricuspid Valve (right side)
2.Pulmonary Valve
3.Mitral/Bicuspid Valve (left side)
4.Aortic Valve

Blood vessels connected:

Arteries: ...(carry blood away from the heart (Aorta, Pulmonary artery)

Veins: ... bring blood back to the heart (Superior/Inferior vena cava, Pulmonary veins)

Wall layers:

1. Epicardium (outer layer)

2. Myocardium (muscle)

3. Endocardium (inner lining)

CNA Solved Past Papers Pakistan Nursing Council 2025-2026 By.Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

By.Profesor Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

Circulation of Blood

Two types:

1. Pulmonary circulation – Right side of heart → Lungs → Left side of heart (for oxygenation of blood)

2. Systemic circulation – Left side of heart → Whole body → Right side of heart (to deliver oxygen and nutrients)

Q.2 Structure and Function of the Nephron in the Kidney (10 marks)

Structure

The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney that filters blood and makes urine.

Parts:

1. Bowman’s capsule – a cup-shaped structure that collects filtered fluid.

2. Glomerulus – a tiny capillary network inside Bowman’s capsule where filtration happens.

3. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) – reabsorbs useful substances like glucose, amino acids, and water.

4. Loop of Henle – concentrates the urine by reabsorbing water and salts.

5. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) – fine-tunes salt and water balance.

6. Collecting duct – collects urine from many nephrons and sends it to the bladder.

Function

📝.Filters waste products (like urea) from the blood.

📝.Reabsorbs useful substances.

📝.Maintains water, salt, and pH balance.

Produces urine.

Q.3 How the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Regulates Heart Rate (10 marks)

Autonomic Nervous System

Works automatically (no conscious control).

Two main parts:

1. Sympathetic Nervous System – “fight or flight”

Increases heart rate.

Releases noradrenaline/adrenaline.

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System – “rest and digest”

Decreases heart rate.

Works via the vagus nerve, releasing acetylcholine.

Example: When you are scared or running, your heart beats faster (sympathetic). When you are calm or sleeping, your heart beats slower (parasympathetic).

Q.4 Role of the Liver in Metabolism (10 marks)

Functions in Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism:

Stores glucose as glycogen.

Breaks glycogen into glucose when needed.

Protein metabolism:

Removes nitrogen from amino acids (produces urea).

Makes important blood proteins (albumin, clotting factors).

Fat metabolism:

Breaks down fats for energy.

Makes cholesterol and bile.

Detoxification:

Removes toxins and drugs from the blood.

Vitamin & mineral storage:

Stores vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12) and minerals (iron, copper).

Role of Liver in Metabolism Certified Nursing Assistant Solved Past Pappers

Key point: The liver is the body’s main “chemical factory” .... it processes nutrients, makes energy, and removes toxins.

Dear Students, You should make a simple diagram for each question so you can memorize them faster for your exam. That way you’ll get both easy notes + visuals.

You should prepare those diagrams for Practice and revision to memorize these concepts and topics thoroughly.

Get ready to boost your learning! Creating those diagrams for practice and revision will help you grasp these concepts and topics more thoroughly. Dive in and make your study sessions fun and effective!

Saturday, August 9, 2025

PMF 2025 F.Sc Equivalent: Practical Exam Pattern & Marks Breakdown for Allied Health Diplomas (BMS, Applied Science, Dispensing, OTT, MLT)

Dear Students ..Hopefully you will be fine ....So lets Rock now here i am writing a complete updated article on the 2025 PMF (Punjab Medical Faculty) F.Sc-equivalent pattern, including the exact subjects you named (BMS, Applied Sciences, Dispensing Techniques, OT Techniques, etc.), the new marks/weightage structure, links to official downloadable PDFs, and practical/viva guidance tailored for All Allied Health Diploma students (Dispensing, OTT, MLT, Radiography, Physiotherapy, Ophthalmic, Cardiac, Dental Hygiene and others).

Below is a complete,student-friendly that can be understandable for each and every Students I’ve also added short Roman-Urdu summaries for key sections so it’s immediately useful for students who prefer bilingual notes.Or faces Difficulties to understand.

Practical Exams & New 2025 PMF F.Sc Pattern — Complete Guide for Allied Health Diploma Students (BMS, Applied Science, Dispensing, OT, MLT, Radiography, Physiotherapy, Ophthalmic, Cardiac & Dental Hygiene)

By: Professor Dr. Abdul Rehman Yousaf — WA: 0343-6253247

Description (SEO): Updated 2025 PMF (Punjab Medical Faculty) guide subject list, marks distribution, practical & viva pattern, important viva questions, exam strategy and memory tricks for Dispensing, Operation Theater, MLT, Radiography, Physiotherapy and other allied health diplomas. Official PMF PDFs linked.

Quick summary (TL;DR)

PMF has aligned many 2-year allied health diplomas to an F.Sc (Medical Technology Group) equivalent; core course + technique papers now follow the F.Sc style and marks pattern.
The full diploma program is organized into papers and total marks = 600 for most two-year diplomas; practical / viva weightage = 50%.
Technique papers (Dispensing Tech, Operation Theatre Techniques, Radiographic Techniques, Physiotherapy Techniques, Ophthalmic Techniques, etc.) are commonly 100 marks each; Basic Medical Sciences and Applied Sciences common papers are often 50 marks per paper under the F.Sc scheme — detailed content weightages are published by PMF.
Official PMF reading material (BMS, Applied Sciences, Dispensing, OTT books and PDF downloads) is available on the PMF site — download links are listed in the official Books/Downloads page.

Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

1. What changed in 2025 — Big picture (PMF → F.Sc equivalence)

English: In recent PMF updates the core two-year diplomas for many allied health technologies have been made equivalent to F.Sc (Medical Technology Group). This means: the course structure, paper formats (MCQ + short questions + long questions), and marks weightages now closely follow an F.Sc-type pattern, while preserving the heavy practical emphasis that defines allied health diplomas.

Roman Urdu (short): PMF ne kai 2-saal ke allied health diploma ab F.Sc barabar kar diye hain ....... matlab k paper format aur marks ab F.Sc jaisa hai, lekin practicals ki ahmiyat barqarar hai.

Why this matters for students:

Formal academic recognition (better admission and job pathways).
Exam pattern clarity: you can prepare using F.Sc-style sample papers (MCQs + short/long questions) while spending equal time on practicals.

2. Which diplomas are now Equal to F.Sc (2025 list)

These PMF diplomas are explicitly listed as Equal to F.Sc (Medical Technology Group):
Dispenser / Dispensing Technician, Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT), Radiography & Imaging Technician, Operation Theater Technician (OTT), Physiotherapy Technician, Ophthalmic Technician, Cardiac Technician, Dental Hygienist.

Roman Urdu (short): Dispenser, MLT, Radiography, OTT, Physiotherapy, Ophthalmic, Cardiac, Dental Hygiene etc .....ye courses ab F.Sc barabar maane jate hain.

Note: Some other courses (e.g., Public Health Technician, Renal Dialysis Technician, Anesthesia Technician, Endoscopy Technician, CSSD, Mortuary Assistant) may follow the PMF scheme but are NOT listed under the F.Sc equivalency group ...... check PMF schemes page for each specialty.

3. Full updated marks structure (how the 600 marks are distributed)

PMF’s two-year diploma formula (standard) for many F.Sc-equivalent diplomas:

Overall (summary):

1st Year: Core Course (Theory) — 100 marks
1st Year: Core Course (Practical / Viva) — 100 marks
2nd Year: Section I (Theory / Paper I) — 100 marks
2nd Year: Section II (Theory / Paper II) — 100 marks
2nd Year: Practical / Viva — Section I — 100 marks
2nd Year: Practical / Viva — Section II — 100 marks
Total = 600 marks; practicals/viva overall ~50% of total.

Detailed content weightage (how a single paper is structured under F.Sc scheme): PMF content weightage documents show format examples for F.Sc papers. Technique papers (e.g., Operation Theatre Techniques, Radiographic Techniques, Dispensing Technology, Physiotherapy Techniques, Ophthalmic Techniques) are typically 100-mark papers with a mixed format = MCQs + short questions + long questions. Common papers like Basic Medical Sciences and Applied Sciences are often 50-mark papers (MCQs + short/long questions). Exact breakdown (MCQ count, short Q count, long Q count) is given in PMF “Content Weightages” documents ----Use those for exam practice.

Roman Urdu (short): Har diploma ka total aam tor pe 600 marks hai ....... 50% practical/viva. Technique papers aksar 100 marks hote hain; Basic Medical Sciences aur Applied Sciences jaise aam papers 50 marks ke ho saktay hain. Official weightages PMF ne publish ki hain.

4. Subject structure (per diploma) * what to expect (BMS, Applied Science, Technique papers)

PMF bundles a Core Course (common to many streams) plus specialized technique papers. Below are common subject sets for major diplomas .... official PMF books for each paper are downloadable on PMF Books page (linked).

A. Dispensing / Dispenser (Dispensing Technology)

Year 1: Basic Medical Sciences-I (Anatomy & Physiology), Dispensing Technique-I, Applied Sciences-I (Physics & Chemistry).
Year 2: Basic Medical Sciences-II (First Aid & Public Health), Dispensing Technique-II, Applied Sciences-II (Computer & Patient Safety).
(Reading materials and practical lists are available in PMF Dispensing PDFs).

B. Operation Theatre Technician (OT / OTT)

Year 1: Basic Medical Sciences-I, Operation Theater Technique-I, Applied Sciences-I.
Year 2: BMS-II, Operation Theater Technique-II, Applied Sciences-II.
(Practical focus: sterilization, instrument handling, patient prep, anesthetic assistance).

C. Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT)

Year 1: Elementary Anatomy & Micro Technique, Microbiology-I, Chemistry & Chemical Pathology (practicals heavy).
Year 2: Clinical Pathology & Serology, Hematology & Blood Bank, Microbiology-II.

D. Radiography & Imaging

Year 1: Basic Medical Sciences, Radiographic Technique-I (Physics, Radiological anatomy), Applied Sciences-I.
Year 2: Radiographic Technique-II, BMS-II, Applied Sciences-II.

E. Physiotherapy, Ophthalmic, Cardiac, Dental Hygiene

All follow similar two-year split: BMS, Applied Sciences, Technique I & II for the specialty, plus practical/viva components. PMF provides a book/pdf for each Technique-I & II.

Roman Urdu (short): Har course mein BMS (Anatomy/Physiology) aur Applied Sciences common hain; specialist technique papers (Dispensing, OT, Radiography, Physiotherapy etc.) Paper-I aur Paper-II ke roop mein 2 saal mein padhaye jate hain. PMF ki official books site par mil jati hain.

5. Official downloadable resources .... where to get the PDFs (PMF)

PMF publishes reading materials and full syllabi (Core Course, BMS, Applied Sciences, Technique-I & II PDFs) ..... recommended downloads: PMF Books / Downloads page and specific course PDFs (Example: Dispensing Technique I/II, Operation Theatre Technician book, Radiographic Technique, etc.). Use the PMF Books/Downloads section to download the official PDFs and sample/past papers.

Why download official PDFs?

Exact syllabus and practical lists (what instruments/skills the examiners may ask).
Official sample papers and content weightages (know MCQ/short/long question counts).
Official reading material ensures you practise with the correct level & learning outcomes.

6. How PMF F.Sc paper pattern looks (practical + theory format) concrete example

From PMF Content Weightages (F.Sc scheme): technique papers typically use:

MCQs (set number)
Short questions (to be attempted subset)
Long questions (partial attempt)
Total adds up to 100 marks for technique paper. Basic Medical Sciences & Applied Sciences common papers typically total 50 marks with proportionate MCQ/short/long parts. See PMF content weightages official table for each specialty.

Example :: Dispensing / Technique paper shape (sample):

MCQs: 20 (20 marks)
Short Questions: 33 (attempt 25 for 50 marks)
Long Questions: 5 (attempt 3 for 30 marks) → Total 100 marks. (This is the typical PMF model for dispensing & technique papers as indicated in the PMF weightage PDF).

7. Practicals & Viva :: what examiners look for (and how marks are awarded)

Practical/Viva assesses:

Correct sequence & technique (sterilization cycles, specimen handling, radiographic positioning, dispensing preparations)
Aseptic technique & safety (infection control, PPE, radiation safety)
Documentation & record keeping (logbooks, instrument checklists, patient charts)
Understanding of why (explain the principle .... viva Qs probe underlying knowledge)
Professionalism & communication (patient handling, ethics)

Marks rubric (generalized and examiner-friendly):

Procedure accuracy & technique: 40%
Time & efficiency: 15%
Documentation & infection control: 15%
Viva knowledge (why/how): 20%
Professional behavior & communication: 10%

*(Exact marking schemes may vary by paper/center; PMF policy states practical/viva together form 50% of program assessment ...... check the examination policy or local examiners for rubric details). *

8. Practical performance: step-by-step checklists (to get full marks)

A. Operation Theatre Practical (example)
Before start:

Confirm case & patient identity (2 identifiers)
Hand hygiene, PPE donning
Prepare sterile trolley 🛒 arrange instruments according to SOP
Confirm instrument counts & functioning (suction, cautery, lights)
Assist in patient positioning & draping safely
Maintain aseptic field; avoid breaches
Post-procedure: instrument decontamination, count, disposal & documentation

B. Dispensing Practical (example)

Read prescription: confirm drug names, dose, route
Check drug interactions & contraindications
Prepare dose (calculations shown step-by-step) ... show formula on paper
Label correctly & advise patient for administration & side effects
Record in dispensing register

C. MLT Practical (example)

Prepare smear / mount / staining (timing & technique critical)
Use proper labeling & chain of custody for samples
Calibrate instrument or show QC record
Interpret results with normal ranges & note next steps

Pro tip: When performing any practical, narrate every step (short sentences), e.g., “I will now check instrument sterility indicator, then load the autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes.” This shows you know what you are doing and WHY 👈 examiners reward the “explain as you do” approach.

9. Viva: most important questions (subject-wise lists)

Below are high-yield viva questions that PMF examiners commonly ask for allied health technique practicals. Memorize concise, correct answers.

Common viva for ALL techs:

Define the job role of your diploma (1-line).
List 3 major complications of your procedure and how to prevent them.
How do you maintain infection control in your station? (show checklist)
Explain PPE selection for X procedure.

Dispensing viva:

How do you calculate dose for pediatric patient? (show calculation)
What are the essential components of a prescription? (patient, drug, dose, route, frequency, duration, signature)
Drug storage conditions for insulin / vaccines.

Operation Theater viva:

Explain instrument sterilization methods and indicators.
Give steps to manage a patient with anaphylaxis in OT.
How to prevent surgical site infection?

Radiography viva:

Explain ALARA principle (radiation safety).
Give positioning for AP chest vs lateral chest.
Safe use of contrast agents and allergic reactions.

MLT viva:

Steps in preparing a peripheral blood smear.
Explain normal range of Hb and common errors in estimation.
How do you handle a leaking sample?

*(For full lists couple this section with PMF past papers and Book technique PDFs 🧿 download from PMF Books page). *

10. How to study and memorize practicals 🩺 evidence-backed methods that work

These are practical learning techniques especially useful for PMF F.Sc style diplomas:

1) See–Do–Teach (Triad)

See demonstration → Do under supervision → Teach a peer. Teaching forces clarity and the Feynman effect improves long-term memory.

2) 20/5 Practice Blocks (spaced repetition)

20 minutes active practice of a procedure → 5 minutes note/review (repeat throughout day). Spacing helps skill retention.

3) Flowcharts & Mnemonics

Make a one-page flowchart per procedure (e.g., OT instrument prep) and mnemonic for steps (e.g., “S-P-C-D”: Select, Prepare, Check, Document).

4) Flashcards for Viva

One question per card; short answer at back. Drill 30 minutes/day; simulate an examiner.

5) Logbook Mastery

Keep logbook updated and signed. Examiners check it 📖 missing or unsigned entries are red flags.

6) Mock Practicals & Timed Runs

Time yourself. Practicals are scored on efficiency. Simulate exam conditions and fix errors.

7) Active Note Format

Make “one-line why” beside each step 📝 e.g., “Autoclave 121°C for 15 min .... kills vegetative bacteria & spores.”

Roman Urdu (short tips): Dekho ..karna seekho ... dosre ko samjhao. 20 minute practice, 5 minute break. Flowchart banao. Logbook update rakho. Mock practicals karo.

11. How to write practical reports & exam answers (format that gets marks)

Writing style examiners love (concise + clinical):

Header: Name, Roll No., Date, Procedure
Objective: One line .... “To demonstrate safe packing and sterilization of a minor surgery tray.”
Materials: bullet list of instruments (short)
Method: numbered steps (1,2,3 .... clear)
Precautions: 2–3 bullet points
Result/Observation: If applicable .. temperature/indicator change
Conclusion: One-line learning/outcome
References/Logbook: entry number & signature

Why this works: Clarity, clinical sequence and evidence (logs/indicators) show you not only performed but understood the principle.

12. Time management & exam day strategy

Night before: Review one mini-flash sheet for each planned practical (10 minutes each).
Morning of exam: 20-minute timed rehearsal of your most important procedure.
At station: Read the task for 30 seconds, plan steps in head (or on paper), then perform.
During viva: If you don’t know an answer .... stay calm; say “I will check that but the immediate priority is patient safety” .... honesty + safety focus is valued.
After station: Log the steps you did in your notebook while memory fresh (for logbook signature).

13. Sample “Full marks” rubric - apply to any practical (checklist you must meet)

Patient / Case identification — 2 marks
Preparation & asepsis — 10 marks
Correct technique & sequence — 20 marks
Time efficiency — 5 marks
Documentation & labeling — 8 marks
Viva answers (WHY) — 20 marks
Professionalism / Communication — 5 marks
Post-procedure clean up & safety checks — 5 marks
Logbook / signature — 5 marks
Error handling / troubleshooting — 20 marks

(Total 100 — exemplifies where examiners may allocate marks; adapt per station)

14. How to use PMF PDFs to your advantage (download → practice → score)

Step-by-step:

Download the technique book & content weightages for your course from PMF Books/Downloads.
List every practical named in the PDF. Make a “must-practice” list of top 20 tasks (high probability in exams).
Create a one-page mini-sheet for each task with materials, steps, pitfalls.
Practice with peers until you can perform without notes.
Hold mock viva sessions; use PMF sample questions to simulate exam environment.

15. Important PMF official links & resources (where to download)

PMF Schemes of Studies (F.Sc Equivalence list & policy) — PMF Schemes page.
PMF Books / Downloads (Core Course, BMS, Applied Sciences, Dispensing, OTT, Radiography, Physiotherapy tech books) — PMF Books page.
Content Weightages / Paper Pattern (F.Sc scheme) — PMF content weightages PDF for paper structure.
Specific course PDFs: Dispensing, OTT, Radiography, MLT (see PMF Downloads Books).

Use the PMF Books/Downloads page as your source of truth .... always download the latest PDF before an exam.

16. Common mistakes that cost marks (and how to avoid them)

Not signing/maintaining logbook — keep it updated & signed by supervisors.
Poor narration — don’t do silent steps; explain as you act.
Skipping safety checks — auto-fail risk.
Wrong labeling — especially in MLT, sample labeling errors lose marks.
No backup plan for failure — if something breaks, explain troubleshooting steps.

17. Quick revision cheat-sheet (one-page checklist for exam day)

Bring: ID, Logbook (signed), uniform, PPE, basic calculator, notebook & pen.
Before entering: 2-minute mental run of steps.
Start: Read instruction, plan, narrate, perform, document.
After: Log actions, check with supervisor, breathe & reset.

18. Viva sample answers (short models you should memorize)

Q: “Why autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes?”
A: “121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes ensures steam penetration to destroy bacterial vegetative forms and spores; it is standard for wrapped instruments.” (Add indicator/pack date).

Q: “How do you calculate pediatric medicine dose?”
A: “Dose = (child’s weight in kg) × standard mg/kg dose. Show calculation and round to practical dose where needed.”

Q: “How to prevent cross-infection in OT?”
A: “Strict asepsis, full PPE, separate clean & dirty areas, instrument counts & sterilization logs, hand hygiene compliance.”

19. Preparing for PMF paper pattern MCQs / short & long questions

MCQ practice: Use PMF sample papers & past papers (F.Sc scheme sample papers are published). Focus on fact recall and safety values.
Short questions: Practice concise 2–4 line answers for common tasks (e.g., “Steps of blood smear”).
Long questions: Structure answers ....definition, principle, step-wise method, complications & prevention, one concluding line.

20. Final checklist before you submit / sit for exam

Logbook complete & signed — CHECK.
All instruments/equipment known for your area — CHECK.
One mini-sheet per procedure printed — CHECK.
Mock viva done this week — CHECK.
Rested and hydrated — CHECK.

Disclaimer (AdSense & medical-education compliance)

This blog is educational and meant for exam preparation and professional study. For clinical patient care, always follow your supervising trainer, institutional SOPs, and PMF official instructions. This guide summarizes PMF published syllabi and content weightages; always verify final schedules/updates on the PMF official website.

Want this packaged for you?

I can:

Convert this to a Blogger-ready HTML (with meta tags, table of contents and SEO headings).
Produce a printable 1-page “Exam Day Pocket Sheet” PDF and 10-page Practical Workbook (with flowcharts and mini-checklists) tailored to your diploma (Dispensing / OTT / MLT etc.).
Make a revision video script & mock viva worksheet you can practice with a friend.

Here I also attach the official PMF downloads most relevant to your chosen diploma for immediate study.And All Solved Copies of Practical.All Practical Data of PMF All Solved Copies of PMF in pdf.

Download PMF Solved Practical Meterial Solved Copies.

PCOS – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Management | Complete Guide (English + Roman Urdu)

By:Professor Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

{WA:03436253247}

What is PCOS?

English:
PCOS, or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS produce higher-than-normal levels of androgens (male hormones), which may cause irregular menstrual cycles, cysts in the ovaries, weight gain, and fertility issues.

Roman Urdu:
PCOS yaani Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ek aam hormonal masla hai jo zyada tar reproductive age ki aurton ko hota hai. Is mein ovaries zyada male hormones banati hain jo periods irregular, ovaries mein cysts, wazan barhna, aur pregnancy mein mushkil ka sabab bante hain.

PCOS – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Management | Complete Guide (English + Roman Urdu)

Causes of PCOS

English:
Although the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, the main contributing factors include:

Genetics – Family history increases risk.
Insulin Resistance – High insulin levels stimulate more androgen production.
Hormonal Imbalance – Excess male hormones disrupt ovulation.
Low-Grade Inflammation – Causes the ovaries to produce more androgens.

Roman Urdu:
PCOS ka asal reason maloom nahi, lekin kuch factors yeh hain:

Genetics – Agar family mein kisi ko PCOS hai to risk barh jata hai.
Insulin Resistance – Zyada insulin se male hormones zyada bante hain.
Hormonal Imbalance – Ovulation ka system bigar jata hai.
Soozish (Inflammation) – Ovaries ko zyada hormones banane par majboor karti hai.

Common Symptoms of PCOS

English:

Irregular or absent periods
Excess facial and body hair (hirsutism)
Acne and oily skin
Weight gain (especially belly fat)
Thinning hair on scalp
Difficulty conceiving
Dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans)

Roman Urdu:

Periods ka irregular ya band ho jana
Chehre aur body par zyada baal
Pimples aur oily skin
Wazan ka barhna (khas tor pe pet par charbi)
Sar ke baalon ka patla hona
Pregnancy mein mushkil
Skin par kaali moti lines

Diagnosis of PCOS

English:
PCOS is diagnosed through:

Medical history & symptom review
Physical examination (hair growth, acne, weight)
Blood tests (hormone levels, insulin, cholesterol)
Pelvic ultrasound (detects cysts in ovaries)

Roman Urdu:
PCOS ka pata chalane ke liye:

History aur symptoms check kiye jate hain
Physical examination (baal, pimples, wazan)
Blood tests (hormones, sugar, cholesterol)
Ultrasound (ovaries ke cysts dekhne ke liye)

Complications of Untreated PCOS

English:
If left untreated, PCOS can lead to:

Infertility
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Endometrial cancer risk
Sleep apnea
Depression and anxiety

Roman Urdu:
Agar PCOS ka ilaj na ho to yeh masail ho sakte hain:

Banjarpan (pregnancy na hona)
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Dil ke masail
Bacha-dani ke cancer ka risk
Sone mein rukawat
Depression aur anxiety

PCOS Treatment Options

1. Lifestyle Modifications

English:

Maintain a healthy diet (low carbs, high fiber, lean protein)
Exercise regularly (30 minutes daily)
Manage stress with yoga or meditation
Sleep 7-8 hours daily

Roman Urdu:

Sehatmand diet (kam carbs, zyada fiber, lean protein)
Rozana exercise (30 minutes)
Yoga aur meditation se stress kam karein
Roz 7-8 ghante ki neend lein

2. Medications

English:

Hormonal birth control to regulate periods and reduce acne
Metformin for insulin resistance
Clomiphene / Letrozole for ovulation in fertility treatment
Anti-androgen medicines to control hair growth

Roman Urdu:

Hormonal birth control periods ko theek aur acne ko kam karta hai
Metformin insulin resistance ko kam karta hai
Clomiphene / Letrozole ovulation ke liye
Anti-androgen dawa zyada baalon ko kam karte hain

PCOS Diet Plan

English – Foods to Eat:

Whole grains (brown rice, oats)
Green leafy vegetables
Lean proteins (chicken, fish, eggs)
Nuts and seeds
Green tea

Avoid:

Sugary drinks and desserts
White bread and pasta
Fried and processed foods

Roman Urdu – Khane Jo Khane Chahiye:

Whole grains (brown rice, oats)
Hari sabziyan
Lean protein (chicken, machhli, anda)
Nuts aur seeds
Green tea

Bachne Wale Khane:

Meetha drinks aur sweets
White bread aur pasta
Tali hui aur processed cheezein

PCOS Exercise Tips

English:

Cardio: Walking, jogging, cycling
Strength training: Weight lifting
Flexibility: Yoga and stretching

Roman Urdu:

Cardio: Chalna, jogging, cycle chalana
Strength training: Weight uthana
Flexibility: Yoga aur stretching

Myths vs Facts About PCOS

Myth: Only overweight women have PCOS.
Fact: Even thin women can develop PCOS.

Myth: PCOS always causes infertility.
Fact: Many women conceive with proper treatment.

Roman Urdu:
Myth: Sirf moti aurton ko PCOS hota hai.
Fact: Patli aurton ko bhi ho sakta hai.

Myth: PCOS ka matlab banjarpan hai.
Fact: Ilaj ke baad bohot si aurton ko pregnancy hoti hai.

Long-Term PCOS Management Tips

English:

Keep weight under control
Avoid junk food
Monitor blood sugar
Regular health checkups
Stay active and positive

Roman Urdu:

Wazan ko control mein rakho
Junk food se door raho
Blood sugar check karte raho
Regular doctor visits
Active aur positive raho

Disclaimer (For AdSense Compliance)

This article is for educational purposes only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any treatment for PCOS.

Learn everything about PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, natural remedies, and diet plans. Bilingual notes (English + Roman Urdu) for easy understanding.

LHV Guess Papers

Alright ..... let’s add a special section for LHV, CNA, BSN, and other Nursing & Allied Health Diploma students so they know why PCOS is important to learn, plus study tips and tricks to memorize it for exams and practical application.

Why Learning PCOS is Important for Nursing & Allied Health Students

English:
For students in nursing and allied health fields such as LHV (Lady Health Visitor), CNA (Certified Nursing Assistant), BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing), and other paramedical diplomas, understanding PCOS is not just about passing exams ..... it’s about saving lives and improving women’s health.

Reasons it’s important:

Early Detection Skills – Nurses and LHVs often meet patients first in clinics; recognizing PCOS symptoms early helps in timely referral to doctors.
Patient Education – Health workers guide women on diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes, which are critical in PCOS management.
Counseling Skills – Many PCOS patients suffer from anxiety and low self-esteem; nursing staff play a key role in emotional support.
Preventing Complications – Knowledge about PCOS helps you educate patients on preventing diabetes, infertility, and heart problems.
Community Health Impact – PCOS awareness reduces myths and stigma, especially in rural areas.

Roman Urdu:
Nursing aur Allied Health students jaise LHV, CNA, BSN aur doosre diplomas ke students ke liye PCOS samajhna sirf exams pass karne ka kaam nahi — yeh aurton ki sehat bachane ka kaam hai.

Yeh kyun important hai:

Jaldi Pata Chalna – LHV aur nurses patient ko pehle dekhte hain; symptoms samajhne se time par doctor ko refer kar sakte hain.
Patient ko Samjhana – Diet, exercise aur lifestyle ke bare mein guide karna PCOS control ka main hissa hai.
Counseling Karna – PCOS wali bohot si patients anxiety aur depression ka shikar hoti hain; nurses unki himmat barhate hain.
Complications Rokna – PCOS ka ilm diabetes, infertility aur heart problems se bachata hai.
Community Awareness – PCOS ka awareness myths aur galat soch kam karta hai, khaas tor pe dehaati ilaqon mein.

Tips & Tricks to Prepare and Memorize PCOS for Exams

1. Use Mnemonics

English:
Make short formulas to remember symptoms:
"I HATE PCOS" →
I – Irregular periods
H – Hair growth (hirsutism)
A – Acne
T – Thinning hair on scalp
E – Excess weight
P – Pigmentation (dark patches)
C – Cysts in ovaries
O – Ovulation problems
S – Sugar (insulin resistance)

Roman Urdu:
Formula banalo symptoms yaad rakhne ke liye:
"I HATE PCOS" –
I – Irregular periods
H – Hair growth
A – Acne
T – Thin hair scalp
E – Extra weight
P – Pigmentation
C – Cysts
O – Ovulation problem
S – Sugar problem

2. Study in Tables

Make tables with headings: Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment.
This makes revision faster before exams.

3. Teach Someone Else

Explaining PCOS to a friend or classmate will make you remember it longer.

4. Visual Learning

Draw ovaries diagram with cysts, hormone cycle chart, and dietary chart visual memory sticks better.

5. Break & Revise

Dear Students Study 20–25 minutes, take a short break, then review the key points again.

6. Link with Real Cases

Dear Readers think of real patients you saw during clinical rotations; link their symptoms to what you study ...... it becomes unforgettable.

You Can Get Download a printable “PCOS Quick Revision Sheet” just for nursing students one page with all important points, mnemonics, and diagrams so they can use it before exams or in hospital postings.In PDF if you want...

LHV EXAMS NOTES

1-page quick revision chart

Below i give a one-page PCOS Quick Revision Sheet for LHV, CNA, BSN, and Allied Health students that’s exam-friendly and clinically useful.

It will have:

🩺-Ultra-condensed bullet points

👁️-Mnemonics for fast recall

💢-Diagrams suggestion (so you can draw in exam)

💯-Roman Urdu + English mix for easy memory

📊-Table format for speed revision

PCOS – Quick Revision Sheet for Nursing & Allied Health Students

Definition

English:

PCOS = Polycystic Ovary Syndrome → Hormonal disorder with irregular ovulation, excess androgens, and ovarian cysts.

Roman Urdu:

PCOS = Hormonal masla jisme periods irregular, male hormones zyada, aur ovaries mein cysts hoti hain.

Causes (4 Main)

1. Genetics – Family history

2. Insulin Resistance – Zyada insulin → zyada male hormones

3. Hormonal Imbalance – Ovulation disturb

4. Inflammation – Ovaries ko stimulate karti hai

Symptoms – Mnemonic: "I HATE PCOS"

Mnemonic Sy Ap kci bhi chez ko asani sy yad kr sakty hn Jesy meny Symptoms Yad krny k lye oper ek sentence dia ha istrha apko ye bholy ga nahi r sab symptoms apko yad rhen gi kue k ye bht important han.

I – Irregular periods

H – Hair growth (hirsutism)

A – Acne & oily skin

T – Thinning hair on scalp

E – Excess weight (belly fat)

P – Pigmentation (dark patches)

C – Cysts in ovaries

O – Ovulation problems

S – Sugar problem (insulin resistance)

Diagnosis (Remember: 3 Steps)

1. History – Periods, hair, weight

2. Blood Tests – Hormones, insulin, cholesterol

3. Ultrasound – Ovaries check for cysts

Complications (if untreated)

Infertility

Type 2 diabetes

High BP, heart disease

Endometrial cancer

Sleep apnea

Depression & anxiety

Treatment – 2 Pillars

Lifestyle:

Low-carb, high-fiber diet

Exercise (30 min/day)

Weight loss 5–10%

Medicines:

Birth control pills → Regulate cycles

Metformin → Reduce insulin resistance

Clomiphene / Letrozole → For pregnancy

Anti-androgens → Reduce hair

Diet – Eat / Avoid

✅ Eat: Whole grains, vegetables, lean protein, nuts, green tea

❌ Avoid: Sugary drinks, fried food, white bread

Exercise Plan

Cardio: Walk, jog, cycle

Strength: Weight lifting

Flexibility: Yoga, stretching

Exam & Memory Tips

Mnemonics: “I HATE PCOS”

Create a Table On Chart or Your Note book For Easy Memorize

Asani Sey Yad krny k lye Ek Chart Ya Table Bna len Table ka format nechy Dya gea ha.

Table format: Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment

Diagram: Draw ovary with cysts + hormone imbalance chart

Teach a friend → recall improves

Revise morning & night

📌 Pro Tip for Viva / Clinical Posting:

When asked about PCOS in front of examiners or during patient education:

1. Define in 1 line.

2. List 3 causes.

3. List 4 symptoms.

4. Mention lifestyle + 1 medicine example.

This shows you know theory + practical.

Do you want PDF pocket guide?Subscribe And Comment us

Thursday, July 24, 2025

Assistant Manager Physics / Applied Physics Test Preparation 2025 (Bilingual Notes)

Assistant Manager Physics / Applied Physics Test Preparation 2025 - Complete Bilingual Notes

📘 Assistant Manager Physics / Applied Physics Test Preparation 2025 (Bilingual Notes)

High Yield | Urdu + English | Complete Optimized | Public Sector Job

📋 Post Details

Post: Assistant Manager (Physics / Applied Physics)
Department: Public Sector Organization
Pay Package: Rs. 153,000/- per month (inclusive of allowances)
Qualification Required: MSc / BS (4 Years) – 1st Division in Physics / Applied Physics

📚 Syllabus Overview (مواد کا خلاصہ)

Classical Mechanics | کلاسیکل مکینکس
Electromagnetism | برقی مقناطیسیت
Quantum Physics | کوانٹم طبیعیات
Thermodynamics | حرارتیات
Modern Physics | جدید طبیعیات
Solid State Physics | ٹھوس طبیعیات
Electronics & Instrumentation | الیکٹرانکس
Mathematical Methods | ریاضیاتی طریقے
Nuclear Physics | نیوکلیئر فزکس
MCQs Practice

Assistant Manager Physics / Applied Physics Test Preparation 2025 (Bilingual Notes)

⚙️ Classical Mechanics (کلاسیکل مکینکس)

Key Topics: Newton’s Laws, Energy, Circular Motion, Lagrangian Mechanics, Conservation Laws

Urdu: نیوٹن کے قوانین حرکت، توانائی، گردش، لاگرانجین اور ہیملٹون اصول شامل ہیں۔

💡 Sample MCQ:

Q: A particle is moving in a circular path with constant speed. What is the nature of its acceleration?
✅ (D) Tangential

⚡ Electromagnetism (برقی مقناطیسیت)

Key Concepts: Coulomb's Law, Gauss’s Law, Faraday’s Law, Maxwell’s Equations

Urdu: برقی میدان، مقناطیسی میدان، کرنٹ، اور میکسویل کے قوانین

💡 Sample MCQ:

Q: Maxwell's equations unify which two forces?
✅ (A) Electric and Magnetic

🌀 Quantum Mechanics (کوانٹم طبیعیات)

Topics: Wave-Particle Duality, Heisenberg Principle, Schrödinger Equation

Urdu: کوانٹم ویو فنکشن، انسرٹینیٹی اصول، اور بنیادی نظریات

💡 Sample MCQ:

Q: The uncertainty principle was proposed by:
✅ (B) Heisenberg

🔥 Thermodynamics (حرارتیات)

Topics: Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, Carnot Cycle

Urdu: حرارت، توانائی، تبدیلیاں، کارنوٹ انجن

💡 Sample MCQ:

Q: In an isothermal process, the change in internal energy is:
✅ (A) Zero

💡 Modern Physics (جدید طبیعیات)

Topics: Photoelectric Effect, Atomic Models, Relativity

Urdu: فوٹو الیکٹرک ایفیکٹ، آئن اسٹائن کی اضافیت، جدید نظریات

💡 Sample MCQ:

Q: The theory of relativity is given by:
✅ (A) Einstein

🧱 Solid State Physics (ٹھوس طبیعیات)

Topics: Crystal Structure, Semiconductors, Superconductors

Urdu: کرسٹل اسٹرکچر، سیمی کنڈکٹرز، برقی خصوصیات

🔧 Electronics & Instrumentation (الیکٹرانکس)

Topics: Diodes, Transistors, Logic Gates, Measuring Instruments

Urdu: الیکٹرانک اجزاء اور سرکٹس کی بنیادی معلومات

💡 Sample MCQ:

Q: Which device is used to amplify signals?
✅ (B) Transistor

📐 Mathematical Methods (ریاضیاتی طریقے)

Topics: Vectors, Differential Equations, Fourier Transform

Urdu: ویٹرز، ڈفرینشیئل مساوات، کمپلیکس نمبرز

☢️ Nuclear Physics (نیوکلیئر فزکس)

Topics: Radioactivity, Fission, Fusion, Detectors

Urdu: تابکاری، نیوکلیئر انرجی، ردعمل

📝 MCQ Practice Section

Over 300+ Questions Coming Soon in PDF – Comment below to request!

📈 Important Links

📖 Recommended Books

Concepts of Physics – H.C. Verma
Modern Physics – Serway
Electronic Devices – Malvino
Mathematical Physics – Schaum’s Outline

✅ Final Tips

Revise concepts daily with examples
Memorize key formulas and units
Attempt mock tests under time
Focus on MCQ solving accuracy

📢 Conclusion

This detailed bilingual guide will help you prepare effectively for the Physics / Applied Physics Assistant Manager test 2025 in Pakistan’s public sector organizations. Downloadable PDF and MCQ booklets will be shared soon.

Here is a complete, detailed, and bilingual (Urdu + English) explanation of the first topic: Classical Mechanics, designed exactly for your Assistant Manager (Physics / Applied Physics) preparation. It's structured in easy-to-understand notes format, with a short summary, theory explanation, important formulas, real-world applications, and 20+ MCQs with answers.

🧭 Classical Mechanics - Detailed Notes for Public Sector Exam

کلاسیکل مکینکس – تفصیلی نوٹس اردو + انگلش میں

📌 Overview / تعارف

Classical Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects using concepts like force, mass, velocity, acceleration, energy, and momentum. It was developed primarily by Isaac Newton in the 17th century and remains the foundation of physics for most macroscopic systems.

کلاسیکل مکینکس فزکس کی وہ شاخ ہے جو اجسام کی حرکت کو قوت، کمیت، رفتار، توانائی، اور مومینٹم کے اصولوں کے ذریعے بیان کرتی ہے۔

🔑 Key Topics in Classical Mechanics | اہم موضوعات

1. Newton’s Laws of Motion | نیوٹن کے قوانین حرکت

2. Force and Inertia | قوت اور جمود

3. Work, Power, and Energy | کام، طاقت اور توانائی
4. Momentum and Impulse | مومینٹم اور جھٹکا

5. Circular Motion | دائرہ جاتی حرکت
6. Conservation Laws | بقائے قوانین
7. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics (Intro)
8. Projectile Motion | گولی کی حرکت
9. Rotational Motion | گردش حرکت

⚖️ 1. Newton’s Laws of Motion (نیوٹن کے قوانین حرکت)

➤ First Law (Law of Inertia)

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Urdu: اگر کسی جسم پر بیرونی قوت نہ لگے تو وہ ساکن یا یکساں رفتار سے حرکت کرتا رہے گا۔

➤ Second Law (F = ma)

The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.

F = ma

Urdu: قوت جسم کی کمیت اور اس کی عجلت کا حاصل ضرب ہے۔

➤ Third Law (Action-Reaction)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Urdu: ہر عمل کے برابر اور مخالف ردعمل ہوتا ہے۔

⚙️ 2. Force and Inertia

Force (قوت): Any push or pull on an object.

Inertia (جمود): The resistance of a body to change its motion.

⚡ 3. Work, Power & Energy

Work (کام): W = F × d × cosθ

Power (طاقت): P = Work / Time

Kinetic Energy: KE = (1/2)mv²

Potential Energy: PE = mgh

Total Mechanical Energy = KE + PE

Urdu Summary:

جب قوت کسی جسم پر لگائی جاتی ہے اور وہ فاصلہ طے کرتا ہے تو کام ہوتا ہے، توانائی کسی کام کی صلاحیت ہے۔

🚀 4. Momentum and Impulse

Momentum (مومینٹم): p = mv

Impulse: I = F × Δt = Δp

Law of Conservation of Momentum: In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains constant.

🔄 5. Circular Motion (دائرہ جاتی حرکت)

Centripetal Force: F = mv²/r

Angular Velocity (ω): ω = θ / t

Relationship: v = rω

Centripetal Acceleration: a = v²/r

🔁 6. Conservation Laws (بقائے قوانین)

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum before = total momentum after

🎯 7. Projectile Motion (گولی کی حرکت)

A two-dimensional motion under gravity.

Horizontal velocity = constant

Vertical motion = under gravity (g = 9.8 m/s²)

Max height, time of flight, and range are important calculations.

🔄 8. Rotational Motion (گردشی حرکت)

Torque (ٹارک): τ = r × F

Moment of Inertia (I): Resistance to rotation.

Angular momentum (L): L = Iω

Rotational KE: KE = (1/2) Iω²

🧮 9. Important Formulas Summary

Concept Formula

Newton’s 2nd Law F = ma
Work W = F × d × cosθ
Power P = W / t
Kinetic Energy KE = (1/2)mv²
Potential Energy PE = mgh
Momentum p = mv
Impulse I = F × Δt = Δp
Centripetal Force F = mv² / r
Torque τ = r × F
Angular Velocity ω = θ / t

📘 Real Life Applications of Classical Mechanics

Vehicle motion and braking systems

Roller coasters and amusement rides

Ballistics and projectile design

Planetary motion and orbits

Sports physics (cricket, football, etc.)

❓ MCQs – Classical Mechanics (20+ with Answers)

1. Newton’s second law is given by:

A) F = mv² B) F = ma ✅ C) F = m/g D) F = mg

2. SI unit of force is:

A) Watt B) Pascal C) Joule D) Newton ✅

3. What is inertia?

A) Ability to change motion

B) Resistance to change in motion ✅

C) Force required for acceleration

D) None

4. Which law explains rocket propulsion?

A) First Law B) Second Law C) Third Law ✅ D) None

5. Work done when force is perpendicular to displacement is:

A) Maximum B) Zero ✅ C) Negative D) Positive

6. Power is defined as:

A) Force × Time B) Work × Time

C) Work / Time ✅ D) Energy × Distance

7. Unit of work is:

A) Joule ✅ B) Newton C) Watt D) kg.m/s

8. Kinetic energy of a body depends on:

A) Mass and speed ✅ B) Speed only

C) Height only D) Mass only

9. If velocity doubles, kinetic energy becomes:

A) Doubled B) Tripled C) Quadrupled ✅ D) Halved

10. Momentum is:

A) Scalar B) Vector ✅ C) Unitless D) None

11. SI unit of momentum is:

A) kg.m/s ✅ B) N.m C) m/s² D) kg/m

12. Impulse is equal to:

A) Force × Distance B) Change in momentum ✅

C) Work D) Kinetic energy

13. A particle in uniform circular motion has:

A) Constant velocity B) Constant acceleration

C) Constant speed ✅ D) Variable mass

14. Centripetal acceleration is directed:

A) Tangent to path B) Away from center

C) Towards center ✅ D) Downward

15. What is the motion of a ball thrown at an angle?

A) Circular B) Rectilinear

C) Projectile ✅ D) Uniform

16. Unit of power is:

A) Joule B) Newton

C) Watt ✅ D) Erg

17. Angular velocity unit is:

A) rad/s ✅ B) m/s² C) N.m D) Hz

18. A freely falling object’s acceleration is:

A) 0 B) 9.8 m/s² ✅ C) 9.8 km/s² D) -9.8 m/s

19. Moment of inertia depends on:

A) Mass and shape ✅ B) Volume

C) Density D) Temperature

20. Rotational kinetic energy is given by:

A) ½mv² B) mgh

C) ½Iω² ✅ D) Iω

21. Projectile range is maximum at angle:

A) 30° B) 60° C) 90° D) 45° ✅

📌 Summary

Classical Mechanics is the backbone of Physics and essential for understanding motion, force, energy, and systems. For Public Sector exams litant Manager, mastering its concepts, formulas, and MCQs is crucial.

Up Coming Topics In Next Blog

Fallow and Comment for Next Topics Notes

A PDF version of these notes with diagrams

Interactive online MCQ quiz version

Next topic (Electromagnetism) explained like this.

Friday, July 18, 2025

Pharmacology MCQs with Dose Calculations | BS Nursing & PPSC Staff Nurse Test 2025-2026

Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations)

Fully bilingual (English + Roman Urdu) | SEO Optimized | PPSC Staff Nurse Preparation

Are you preparing for the PPSC BS Nursing or Staff Nurse Test 2025? One of the most scoring and crucial subjects is Pharmacology, especially when combined with drug dosage calculations. These questions not only test your basic drug knowledge but also challenge your clinical reasoning and math skills.

In this post, we’ve covered high-yield MCQs that include important drugs, mechanisms of action, side effects, and dosage formulas — all tailored for BS Nursing, LHV, CNA, and PPSC test-takers.

🧠 This blog is bilingual — every MCQ is explained in English and Roman Urdu to make it easier for all students to understand. Whether you're revising for the first time or doing a last-minute review, this guide is written in a student-friendly, SEO-compliant, and Google AdSense-safe format.

Let’s start your journey toward nursing success with these Pharmacology MCQs (Drugs + Dosage Calculations).

Pharmacology MCQs with Dose Calculations | BS Nursing & PPSC Staff Nurse Test 2025-2026

💊 Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations) – MCQs 1–20

PPSC Staff Nurse Preparation 2025 | Bilingual (English + Roman Urdu) | Fully Solved

✅ Introduction

In this section, we focus on Pharmacology, especially drugs and dose calculations, which is a critical area for PPSC BS Nursing 2025 exams. These MCQs are selected from standard nursing exam patterns. This batch (Q1–20) covers general pharmacology, drug actions, dosage math, and safety protocols.

📘 MCQs 1–20: Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations)

1. Which route of administration has the fastest onset of action?
A) Oral
B) Intramuscular
C) Intravenous
D) Subcutaneous
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: IV route delivers drug directly into bloodstream for immediate action.
🩺 Roman Urdu: Intravenous yaani seedha vein mein injection sab se tez asar karta hai.

2. Paracetamol is primarily used as a:
A) Antibiotic
B) Antipyretic
C) Antiviral
D) Antiemetic
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Paracetamol reduces fever (antipyretic) and mild pain.
🩺 Roman Urdu: Paracetamol بخار aur halka dard kam karti hai.

3. The antidote for Heparin overdose is:
A) Protamine sulfate
B) Vitamin K
C) Atropine
D) Naloxone
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Protamine sulfate neutralizes Heparin.
🩺 Roman Urdu: Agar heparin zyada ho jaye tou Protamine sulfate diya jata hai.

4. A drug given to prevent vomiting is called:
A) Antipyretic
B) Antiemetic
C) Analgesic
D) Antiseptic
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Antiemetic drugs like metoclopramide reduce nausea/vomiting.
🩺 Roman Urdu: Matli ya ulti rokne wali dawai ko antiemetic kehte hain.

5. How many mg are there in 0.5 grams?
A) 50 mg
B) 100 mg
C) 500 mg
D) 5 mg
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: 1 gram = 1000 mg → 0.5g = 500 mg
🧮 Roman Urdu: Aadha gram barabar hai 500 mg ke.

6. What is the normal adult dose of Paracetamol per day?
A) 1000–1500 mg
B) 2000–2500 mg
C) 3000–4000 mg
D) 5000–6000 mg
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Daily max is 4000 mg (500 mg × 8 tablets).
🩺 Roman Urdu: Zyada se zyada 4000 mg roz ka dose safe hota hai.

7. Which of the following is an antibiotic?
A) Aspirin
B) Ibuprofen
C) Amoxicillin
D) Diazepam
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Amoxicillin kills bacteria.
🦠 Roman Urdu: Amoxicillin aik bacteria khatam karne wali dawai hai.

8. Insulin is administered via:
A) Intravenous
B) Oral
C) Subcutaneous
D) Intramuscular
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Insulin is given subcutaneously for slow absorption.
🩸 Roman Urdu: Insulin ko neechay jild (subcutaneous) mein inject karte hain.

9. Which one is a side effect of morphine?
A) Diarrhea
B) Cough
C) Constipation
D) Fever
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Morphine slows gut motility, causing constipation.
🩺 Roman Urdu: Morphine se aik aam nuksan qabz hota hai.

10. If a patient is allergic to penicillin, which of the following should be avoided?
A) Cephalosporins
B) Erythromycin
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Metronidazole
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Cross-reactivity exists between penicillin & cephalosporins.
🧬 Roman Urdu: Penicillin allergy walon ko cephalosporin se bhi reaction ho sakta hai.

Perfect! Here's the continuation of:

💊 Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations) – MCQs 11–20

Fully Solved | Bilingual Format | PPSC Nursing Prep 2025

11. Which of the following drugs is a beta-blocker?
A) Amlodipine
B) Metoprolol
C) Enalapril
D) Furosemide
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that lowers heart rate and blood pressure.
🫀 Roman Urdu: Metoprolol aik beta-blocker hai jo dil ki dharkan aur pressure kam karta hai.

12. Which electrolyte imbalance is caused by diuretics?
A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hyponatremia
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Diuretics often cause potassium loss → hypokalemia.
⚠️ Roman Urdu: Diuretic dawa se potassium kam ho jata hai (hypokalemia).

13. What is the antidote for paracetamol overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) N-Acetylcysteine
C) Atropine
D) Protamine sulfate
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: NAC protects the liver from damage due to excess paracetamol.
🩺 Roman Urdu: Paracetamol zyada ho to N-acetylcysteine diya jata hai liver ko bachanay ke liye.

14. A patient takes 250 mg tablet thrice a day. What is the total daily dose?
A) 500 mg
B) 750 mg
C) 1000 mg
D) 1250 mg
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: 250 mg × 3 = 750 mg per day
🧮 Roman Urdu: 3 dafa 250 mg lene ka matlab hai 750 mg rozana.

15. Which of the following drugs is used to treat tuberculosis?
A) Rifampin
B) Ceftriaxone
C) Gentamicin
D) Fluconazole
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Rifampin is a first-line anti-TB drug.
🧫 Roman Urdu: TB ke ilaaj ke liye Rifampin use hoti hai.

16. What is the common side effect of furosemide (Lasix)?
A) Drowsiness
B) Diarrhea
C) Dehydration
D) Constipation
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Furosemide causes fluid loss → dehydration.
💧 Roman Urdu: Lasix se pani zyada nikalta hai jisse dehydration ho jata hai.

17. Diazepam belongs to which drug class?
A) Antibiotic
B) Antihypertensive
C) Benzodiazepine
D) Antacid
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizures.
🧠 Roman Urdu: Diazepam aik benzodiazepine hai jo ghabrahat aur fits mein di jati hai.

18. How many mL in 1 liter?
A) 10 mL
B) 100 mL
C) 1000 mL
D) 10000 mL
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: 1 liter = 1000 milliliters
🧮 Roman Urdu: 1 liter barabar hota hai 1000 mL ke.

19. Which drug is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension)?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Metformin
C) Losartan
D) Lorazepam
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Losartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) used in hypertension.
🫀 Roman Urdu: High BP mein Losartan use hoti hai.

20. Which unit is used for measuring insulin dosage?
A) mg
B) IU
C) mL
D) g
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Insulin is measured in International Units (IU).
🩸 Roman Urdu: Insulin ka dose IU yani International Units mein hota hai.

✅ End of MCQs 1–20 for Pharmacology

Great! Here's the next part:

💊 Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations) – MCQs 21–40

Fully Solved | Bilingual Format | PPSC Nursing Prep 2025

21. What is the maximum daily dose of paracetamol for adults?
A) 2000 mg
B) 3000 mg
C) 4000 mg
D) 5000 mg
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Adult maximum safe dose is 4000 mg/day (or 4 grams).
💡 Roman Urdu: Bara admi din mein zyada se zyada 4 gram Paracetamol le sakta hai.

22. The term "subcutaneous injection" refers to?
A) Injection into muscle
B) Injection into vein
C) Injection into skin layer
D) Injection under the skin
✅ Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Subcutaneous = under the skin (e.g., insulin injection).
💉 Roman Urdu: Subcutaneous ka matlab hota hai skin ke neeche injection dena.

23. What is the antidote for heparin overdose?
A) Vitamin K
B) Naloxone
C) Protamine sulfate
D) Atropine
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Protamine sulfate reverses the effects of heparin.
⚕️ Roman Urdu: Heparin zyada ho jaye to Protamine Sulfate diya jata hai.

24. Which of the following is NOT an antibiotic?
A) Ciprofloxacin
B) Amoxicillin
C) Diazepam
D) Azithromycin
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Diazepam is a sedative, not an antibiotic.
🚫 Roman Urdu: Diazepam antibiotic nahi, aik sedative (nind ki dawa) hai.

25. Which of the following drugs can cause hypoglycemia?
A) Paracetamol
B) Metformin
C) Insulin
D) Furosemide
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood sugar and can cause hypoglycemia.
🩸 Roman Urdu: Insulin se sugar kam ho jata hai – hypoglycemia ho sakta hai.

26. What is the usual adult dose of tablet Ibuprofen?
A) 100 mg
B) 200 mg
C) 400 mg
D) 1000 mg
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Common adult dose is 400 mg per dose (maximum 1200–1600 mg/day).
💊 Roman Urdu: Ibuprofen ka aam dose 400 mg hota hai ek dafa ka.

27. 1 gram (g) is equal to how many milligrams (mg)?
A) 10 mg
B) 100 mg
C) 500 mg
D) 1000 mg
✅ Correct Answer: D
Explanation: 1 g = 1000 mg.
📏 Roman Urdu: 1 gram barabar hai 1000 milligram ke.

28. Which vitamin is an antidote to warfarin overdose?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin D
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Vitamin K reverses the blood-thinning effect of warfarin.
🩸 Roman Urdu: Warfarin zyada ho jaye to Vitamin K diya jata hai.

29. What is the usual dose of injection adrenaline in anaphylaxis?
A) 0.05 mg
B) 0.1 mg
C) 0.5 mg
D) 5 mg
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: 0.5 mg IM (intramuscular) is recommended for adults.
⚡ Roman Urdu: Anaphylaxis mein 0.5 mg adrenaline IM diya jata hai.

30. Which route provides the fastest absorption of a drug?
A) Oral
B) Intramuscular
C) Intravenous
D) Subcutaneous
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: IV drugs directly enter the bloodstream → fastest action.
💉 Roman Urdu: Sabse tez asar IV injection ka hota hai kyun ke seedha blood mein jata hai.

💊 Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations) – MCQs 31–40

Fully Solved | Bilingual Format | PPSC Staff Nurse Preparation 2025

31. Which of the following is a loop diuretic?
A) Hydrochlorothiazide
B) Furosemide
C) Spironolactone
D) Mannitol
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Furosemide is a loop diuretic, used for reducing fluid overload.
💧 Roman Urdu: Furosemide aik loop diuretic hai jo paani nikalta hai body se.

32. How many milliliters (mL) are there in 1 liter (L)?
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 10000
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: 1 liter = 1000 milliliters.
📏 Roman Urdu: 1 liter mein 1000 milliliter hotay hain.

33. Which drug is used to treat tuberculosis (TB)?
A) Rifampin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Acyclovir
D) Amantadine
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Rifampin is one of the first-line TB drugs.
🦠 Roman Urdu: TB ke ilaj mein Rifampin di jati hai.

34. What is the function of Naloxone?
A) Pain reliever
B) Antidote for opioid overdose
C) Sleep inducer
D) Antibiotic
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Naloxone is used to reverse opioid (morphine/heroin) overdose.
💊 Roman Urdu: Naloxone opioid overdose ka ilaj hai, jaise ke heroin ya morphine.

35. Which of the following drugs is used as an anticoagulant?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Warfarin
C) Metformin
D) Ranitidine
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Warfarin is a blood thinner (anticoagulant).
🩸 Roman Urdu: Warfarin khoon patla karne wali dawa hai.

36. Dose calculation formula: If a doctor orders 500 mg and you have 250 mg tablets, how many tablets will you give?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Required ÷ Available = 500 ÷ 250 = 2 tablets.
🧮 Roman Urdu: 500 mg chahiye, agar tablet 250 mg ki hai to 2 tablets deni hongi.

37. Which of the following drugs is an antipyretic (fever reducer)?
A) Omeprazole
B) Paracetamol
C) Diazepam
D) Losartan
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Paracetamol reduces fever and relieves mild pain.
🌡️ Roman Urdu: Paracetamol بخار kam karne wali dawa hai.

38. Which route of drug administration has 100% bioavailability?
A) Oral
B) Subcutaneous
C) Intramuscular
D) Intravenous
✅ Correct Answer: D
Explanation: IV injection goes directly into the bloodstream, so 100% bioavailability.
💉 Roman Urdu: IV injection ka asar 100% hota hai kyun ke ye seedha blood mein jata hai.

39. Which class of drug is used to reduce high blood pressure?
A) Antiemetics
B) Antipyretics
C) Antihypertensives
D) Anticoagulants
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Antihypertensives are used for treating high BP.
🩺 Roman Urdu: High BP ko control karne ke liye antihypertensive dawa di jati hai.

40. In drug dosage, “TID” stands for:
A) Once a day
B) Twice a day
C) Three times a day
D) Four times a day
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: TID = ter in die (Latin) = 3 times daily.
⏰ Roman Urdu: TID ka matlab hai rozana teen martaba dawa dena.

✅ End of Pharmacology MCQs 1–40
📘 Stay tuned for the next part: MCQs 41–60: Drug Schedules, Side Effects, IV Drips & More

By:Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

💊 Pharmacology (Drugs + Dose Calculations) – MCQs 41–60

Fully Solved | Bilingual Format | PPSC Staff Nurse Preparation 2025

41. The term “STAT” on a prescription means:
A) Once a day
B) Immediately
C) At bedtime
D) Twice a day
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: "STAT" means give the medication immediately.
🚨 Roman Urdu: STAT ka matlab hai foran dawa dena.

42. Which vitamin is important for blood clotting?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K
✅ Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Vitamin K is essential for making clotting factors.
🩸 Roman Urdu: Vitamin K khoon jamne mein madad karta hai.

43. Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle weakness and arrhythmia?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hypernatremia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypermagnesemia
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Low potassium (Hypokalemia) affects muscles and the heart.
⚡ Roman Urdu: Potassium ki kami se kamzori aur heart beat tez ya slow ho sakti hai.

44. The antidote for heparin overdose is:
A) Vitamin K
B) Naloxone
C) Protamine sulfate
D) Atropine
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Protamine sulfate neutralizes the effects of heparin.
🔄 Roman Urdu: Heparin ka zeher khatam karne ke liye Protamine Sulfate diya jata hai.

45. Which drug is used in emergency for anaphylactic shock?
A) Diazepam
B) Adrenaline
C) Aspirin
D) Morphine
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Adrenaline (Epinephrine) is first-line treatment in anaphylaxis.
🚑 Roman Urdu: Allergy shock mein foran adrenaline diya jata hai.

46. 1 gram (g) equals how many milligrams (mg)?
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 10000
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: 1 gram = 1000 milligrams.
📏 Roman Urdu: 1 gram mein 1000 milligram hotay hain.

47. Which of the following is a bronchodilator?
A) Metoprolol
B) Salbutamol
C) Furosemide
D) Paracetamol
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Salbutamol opens up the airways in asthma and COPD.
🌬️ Roman Urdu: Salbutamol asthma aur saans ki tangi mein use hoti hai.

48. Which class of drugs is used to reduce fever, pain, and inflammation?
A) Antacids
B) NSAIDs
C) Antihistamines
D) Antidepressants
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: NSAIDs like ibuprofen are used for pain, fever, and swelling.
🔥 Roman Urdu: NSAIDs bukhar, dard aur sujan ke liye use hoti hain.

49. Which of the following is an example of a Schedule H drug?
A) OTC paracetamol
B) Antibiotics like amoxicillin
C) Multivitamins
D) Cough syrup
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Schedule H drugs (like antibiotics) require a prescription.
📜 Roman Urdu: Schedule H drugs sirf doctor ke kehne pe milti hain.

50. The abbreviation “OD” in prescriptions means:
A) Twice a day
B) Four times a day
C) Every other day
D) Once daily
✅ Correct Answer: D
Explanation: OD = omni die (Latin) = once daily.
⏰ Roman Urdu: OD ka matlab hai rozana aik martaba dawa lena.

51. What is the correct IV drip rate if 1000 mL is to be given in 8 hours using a 15 gtt/mL set?
A) 25 gtt/min
B) 31 gtt/min
C) 21 gtt/min
D) 15 gtt/min
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: (1000 mL × 15) ÷ (8 × 60) = 31.25 ≈ 31 drops/min.
🧮 Roman Urdu: IV drip rate = (1000 × 15) ÷ 480 = 31 drops per minute.

52. Which drug is a corticosteroid?
A) Diclofenac
B) Prednisolone
C) Atenolol
D) Ceftriaxone
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Prednisolone is a steroid used for inflammation and allergies.
💉 Roman Urdu: Prednisolone aik steroid hai jo sujan aur allergy mein di jati hai.

53. Which unit is commonly used to measure insulin?
A) mg
B) g
C) IU
D) mL
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Insulin is dosed in International Units (IU).
🧪 Roman Urdu: Insulin ko IU (International Units) mein napte hain.

54. What is the normal serum sodium level?
A) 100–120 mEq/L
B) 135–145 mEq/L
C) 150–160 mEq/L
D) 125–135 mEq/L
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Normal sodium = 135–145 mEq/L.
🧂 Roman Urdu: Khoon mein sodium ka normal level 135–145 hota hai.

55. Which drug is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)?
A) Ranitidine
B) Metoclopramide
C) Omeprazole
D) Domperidone
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Omeprazole reduces stomach acid production.
🔥 Roman Urdu: Omeprazole pait ke acid ko kam karta hai.

56. A nurse gives 500 mL over 4 hours. What is the rate in mL/hr?
A) 100
B) 120
C) 125
D) 150
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: 500 ÷ 4 = 125 mL/hr.
🧮 Roman Urdu: Agar 4 ghantay mein 500 mL dena ho to har ghantay 125 mL dena hoga.

57. Which drug is used to prevent motion sickness?
A) Diphenhydramine
B) Metformin
C) Aspirin
D) Enalapril
✅ Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) helps in motion sickness.
🚌 Roman Urdu: Safar ke dard aur chakkar ke liye Benadryl di jati hai.

58. What is the action of diuretics?
A) Retain water
B) Increase urine output
C) Raise blood pressure
D) Cause sedation
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Diuretics help remove excess fluid from the body.
🚽 Roman Urdu: Diuretics body se paani nikalte hain.

59. Which of the following is NOT a side effect of morphine?
A) Constipation
B) Respiratory depression
C) Diarrhea
D) Drowsiness
✅ Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Morphine causes constipation, not diarrhea.
🚫 Roman Urdu: Morphine se qabz hoti hai, dast nahi hotay.

60. Which drug is commonly used to treat hypertension during pregnancy?
A) Losartan
B) Methyldopa
C) Enalapril
D) Atenolol
✅ Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Methyldopa is safe and commonly used in pregnancy.
🤰 Roman Urdu: Pregnancy mein high BP ke liye Methyldopa diya jata hai.

✅ End of Pharmacology MCQs 1–60
🎉 We've completed the Pharmacology section for PPSC BS Nursing 2025.