CNA Solved Past Papers Pakistan Nursing Council 2025-2026 By.Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf

Anatomy And Physiology 

Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)

Past Solved Paper (2024-2025)

By.Profesor Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf 

Nursing Examination Board (NEBP) PUNJAB
NURSING COUNCIL PAKISTAN (PNC)

Dear Students, I go through each question one by one in easy language so you can understand them clearly and remember them for your exam. Writing can sometimes be challenging, so I want to help make it easier for you. I’ll provide you with simple points that you can easily write down on your answer sheet. You're not alone in this, and I'm here to support you!

Q.1 Structure of the Heart and Circulation (10 marks)

Structure of the Heart

The heart is a muscular organ about the size of your fist, located in the middle of the chest.

Four chambers:

1. Right Atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

2. Right Ventricle – pumps this blood to the lungs.

3. Left Atrium – receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

4. Left Ventricle – pumps this blood to the whole body.

Valves  👇

👉(work like doors to prevent backflow)

1.Tricuspid Valve (right side)
2.Pulmonary Valve
3.Mitral/Bicuspid Valve (left side)
4.Aortic Valve

Blood vessels connected:

Arteries: ...(carry blood away from the heart (Aorta, Pulmonary artery)

Veins: ...  bring blood back to the heart (Superior/Inferior vena cava, Pulmonary veins)

Wall layers:

1. Epicardium (outer layer)

2. Myocardium (muscle)

3. Endocardium (inner lining)

By.Profesor Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf 

Circulation of Blood

Two types:

1. Pulmonary circulation – Right side of heart → Lungs → Left side of heart (for oxygenation of blood)

2. Systemic circulation – Left side of heart → Whole body → Right side of heart (to deliver oxygen and nutrients)

Q.2 Structure and Function of the Nephron in the Kidney (10 marks)

Structure

The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney that filters blood and makes urine.

Parts:

1. Bowman’s capsule – a cup-shaped structure that collects filtered fluid.

2. Glomerulus – a tiny capillary network inside Bowman’s capsule where filtration happens.

3. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) – reabsorbs useful substances like glucose, amino acids, and water.

4. Loop of Henle – concentrates the urine by reabsorbing water and salts.

5. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) – fine-tunes salt and water balance.

6. Collecting duct – collects urine from many nephrons and sends it to the bladder.

Function

📝.Filters waste products (like urea) from the blood.

📝.Reabsorbs useful substances.

📝.Maintains water, salt, and pH balance.

Produces urine.

Q.3 How the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Regulates Heart Rate (10 marks)

Autonomic Nervous System

Works automatically (no conscious control).

Two main parts:

1. Sympathetic Nervous System – “fight or flight”

Increases heart rate.

Releases noradrenaline/adrenaline.

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System – “rest and digest”

Decreases heart rate.

Works via the vagus nerve, releasing acetylcholine.

Example: When you are scared or running, your heart beats faster (sympathetic). When you are calm or sleeping, your heart beats slower (parasympathetic).

Q.4 Role of the Liver in Metabolism (10 marks)

Functions in Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism:

Stores glucose as glycogen.

Breaks glycogen into glucose when needed.

Protein metabolism:

Removes nitrogen from amino acids (produces urea).

Makes important blood proteins (albumin, clotting factors).

Fat metabolism:

Breaks down fats for energy.

Makes cholesterol and bile.

Detoxification:

Removes toxins and drugs from the blood.

Vitamin & mineral storage:

Stores vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12) and minerals (iron, copper).

Key point: The liver is the body’s main “chemical factory” .... it processes nutrients, makes energy, and removes toxins.

Dear Students, You should make a simple diagram for each question so you can memorize them faster for your exam. That way you’ll get both easy notes + visuals.

You should prepare those diagrams for Practice and revision to memorize these concepts and topics thoroughly.

Get ready to boost your learning! Creating those diagrams for practice and revision will help you grasp these concepts and topics more thoroughly. Dive in and make your study sessions fun and effective!