Dear Students these are complete, simple, student-friendly, conceptual, and exam-oriented answers for all topics Prepared By Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf (Senior Medical Tutor,Medical and Nursing Expert) With vision that the each student can memorize quickly + write easily in exam.(No unnecessary details only important, scoring points.
📗 MATERNAL HEALTH PRACTICE
1. Define MCH and its indicators
MCH:
Maternal and Child Health (MCH) is the health care services provided to mothers, infants, and children to ensure their physical, mental, and social well-being.
Indicators of MCH:
- Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
- Under-five Mortality Rate
- Low Birth Weight rate
- Antenatal care coverage
- Institutional delivery rate
2. Function of LHV in MCH care
- Provide antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care
- Conduct safe deliveries
- Identify high-risk pregnancies
- Give health education
- Immunization of mother and child
- Maintain family planning services
- Keep records and report cases
- Refer complicated cases
- Conduct home visits
- Nutritional education for mother & child
3. Objective of MCH
- Reduce maternal and child mortality
- Promote safe motherhood
- Ensure healthy pregnancy and healthy child
- Control infections
- Provide immunization
- Promote nutrition
- Improve family planning practices
4. Objectives of Postnatal Care (pg 51)
- To ensure the mother’s physical recovery
- To detect complications early (PPH, infection)
- To support breastfeeding
- To provide newborn care
- To give family planning advice
- To promote nutrition and rest
- To check emotional/mental health
5. Antenatal clinical/home visits (pg 53)
Antenatal Visits:
- 1st visit: As soon as pregnancy is confirmed
- After 28 weeks: Every month
- After 36 weeks: Every 2 weeks
- Last month: Every week
At each visit LHV checks:
- Weight
- BP
- Urine test (sugar/protein)
- Fetal heart rate
- Fundal height
- Danger signs
- Hemoglobin
- Immunization (TT)
- Nutrition education
6. Define Safe Motherhood
Safe motherhood means providing essential care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum to reduce illness and death.
7. Define antenatal care + Aims (pg 54)
Definition:
Antenatal care is the care given to a pregnant woman from conception to onset of labour.
Aims:
- Ensure safe pregnancy
- Detect high-risk conditions
- Prepare mother for delivery
- Promote nutrition
- Prevent complications
- Educate mother for newborn care
- Provide immunization
8. High-risk factors in pregnancy (pg 58)
- Age <18 or >35
- High parity (>5)
- Anemia
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Previous cesarean
- Multiple pregnancy
- Malpresentation
- History of abortion/PPH
- Short height (<145 cm)
9. Role of LHV in antenatal care (pg 54)
- Register pregnancy
- Conduct antenatal check-ups
- Give TT immunization
- Provide iron/folic acid
- Detect high-risk cases
- Educate on danger signs
- Give dietary advice
- Prepare birth plan
- Maintain records
- Refer complications
10. Define labour + danger signs (pg 82)
Labour:
Labour is the process by which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through rhythmic contractions.
Danger Signs:
- Heavy bleeding
- Severe headache
- Fits/convulsions
- Fever
- No fetal movement
- Prolonged labour
- Bad-smelling discharge
11. Define domiciliary midwifery (pg 58)
Domiciliary midwifery means providing midwifery services at home, including antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care.
12. Active management of third stage of labour (pg 59)
- Use of oxytocin 10 units IM
- Controlled cord traction
- Uterine massage
- Early clamping and cutting the cord
Goal: Prevent PPH.
13. APGAR Score
Assessment at 1 and 5 minutes
5 Parameters (0–2 each):
- A – Appearance (color)
- P – Pulse (heart rate)
- G – Grimace (reflex)
- A – Activity (muscle tone)
- R – Respiration
Normal: 7–10
14. Define MMR + causes (pg 81)
MMR:
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
Causes:
- Hemorrhage
- Infection
- Eclampsia
- Unsafe abortion
- Obstructed labour
- Anemia
15. Define adolescent & infertility
Adolescent:
Age between 10–19 years.
Infertility:
Failure to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse.
16. Normal pubertal development (pg 77)
- Breast development
- Pubic hair growth
- Menstruation begins
- Rapid height/weight growth
- Emotional & hormonal changes
17. Define menopause + signs/symptoms (pg 82/84)
Menopause:
Permanent stoppage of menstruation for 12 months due to loss of ovarian function.
Symptoms:
- Hot flashes
- Mood swings
- Night sweats
- Vaginal dryness
- Irregular periods
18. Infertility + causes
Male causes:
- Low sperm count
- Varicocele
- Infection (mumps)
- Alcohol/smoking
- Hormonal issues
Female causes:
- Blocked tubes
- PCOS
- Endometriosis
- Thyroid disorder
- Ovulation failure
📝 FAMILY PLANNING
1. Objective of family planning (pg 138)
- Maintain small healthy family
- Improve maternal/child health
- Prevent unwanted pregnancies
- Reduce maternal mortality
- Promote spacing
- Control population growth
2. Define family planning + methods
Definition:
Family planning means deciding number of children and spacing using contraceptive methods.
Methods:
Male: Condom, vasectomy
Female: OCPs, IUCD, injections, implants, tubal ligation
3. National Products (NVP) (pg 98)
- Condoms
- OCPs
- IUCD
- Emergency pills
- Injections
- Implants
4. Note on IUCD (pg 108)
- Device inserted in uterus
- Types: Copper T, Copper 375, 380A
- Duration: 5–10 years
- Action: Prevents fertilization
- Side effects: bleeding, pain
5. Definitions + complications/problems of IUCD (pg 113)
Complications:
- Heavy bleeding
- Pain
- Expulsion
- Perforation
- Infection
Management:
- Follow-up
- Treat infection
- Replace or remove IUCD
6. Mode of action of OCP (pg 118)
- Prevent ovulation
- Thicken cervical mucus
- Thin endometrium
7. Disadvantages of hormonal injection (pg 121)
- Irregular bleeding
- Weight gain
- Delay in fertility
- Breast tenderness
8. Contraindications of hormonal injection (pg 121)
- Breast cancer
- Liver disease
- Pregnancy
- Unexplained bleeding
- Hypertension
9. Define Norplant (pg 124)
Norplant is a contraceptive implant containing levonorgestrel effective for 5 years.
10. Role of LHV in family planning (pg 134)
- Counseling
- Provide methods
- Follow-up
- Manage side effects
- Maintain records
- Educate on spacing
📝 FOOD & NUTRITION
1. What is Nutrients (pg 131)
Nutrients are substances in food needed for growth, energy, and body functions.
Types: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water.
2. Vitamin A deficiency signs (pg 144)
- Night blindness
- Dry eyes
- Bitot spots
- Skin dryness
- Infection risk
3. Define Rickets (pg 144)
Rickets is softening of bones in children due to vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency.
4. Survey in nutrition + prevention (pg 149)
Nutrition survey:
Assessment of nutritional status of community.
Prevention:
- Supplementation
- Immunization
- Fortification
- Health education
5. Advice for pregnant lady to prevent anemia (pg 145)
- Take iron/folic acid daily
- Eat green leafy vegetables
- Eat meat, eggs, lentils
- Avoid tea after meals
- Take vitamin C
- Regular check-up
6. Balanced diet (pg 132)
A diet that contains all nutrients in right amount for good health.
7. Nutrition in pregnancy + lactation (pg 149)
- Extra calories
- High protein
- Iron, calcium, folic acid
- Plenty of fluids
- More meals
8. Classification of malnutrition (pg 134)
- Under-nutrition
- Over-nutrition
- Specific deficiency (vitamin/minerals)
9. Protein-calorie malnutrition (pg 135)
Deficiency of protein and calories seen in children.
Types: Marasmus, Kwashiorkor.
10. Difference between marasmus & kwashiorkor
| Marasmus | Kwashiorkor |
|---|---|
| Severe wasting | Edema present |
| No swelling | Moon face |
| Due to calorie deficiency | Due to protein deficiency |
📝 CHILD HEALTH PRACTICE
1. Define growth & development (pg 160)
- Growth: Increase in size, weight, height.
- Development: Improvement in skills and function.
2. Mastitis vs Engorgement
- Engorgement: Breast fullness, mild pain, no fever
- Mastitis: Infection with redness, fever, pain
3. Period of growth (pg 161)
- Infant period
- Toddler
- Preschool
- School age
- Adolescence
4. Advantages of breastfeeding (pg 182)
- Complete nutrition
- Protects from infection
- Mother–child bonding
- Cheap & always ready
- Prevents obesity
- Protects mother from cancer
5. Disadvantages of artificial feeding (pg 183)
- Expensive
- Infection risk
- Incorrect preparation
- No antibodies
6. Breast problems + management (pg 189)
- Engorgement → frequent feeding
- Cracked nipple → proper latch
- Mastitis → antibiotics
- Blocked duct → warm compress
7. Treatment of blocked duct & mastitis (pg 191)
- Warm compress
- Frequent feeding
- Massage
- Antibiotics (for mastitis)
8. Minor problems of newborn + Physiological jaundice (pg 202)
Minor problems:
- Skin peeling
- Milia
- Cradle cap
- Umbilical stump smell
Physiological jaundice:
- Appears after 24 hours
- Due to immature liver
- Disappears by 7–10 days
9. Low birth weight + Causes (pg 212)
LBW: <2.5 kg
Causes:
- Prematurity
- Poor maternal nutrition
- High-risk pregnancy
- Infections
10. Define dehydration (pg 192)
Loss of body fluids more than intake.
Signs: Dry mouth, sunken eyes, lethargy.
11. WHO classification (pg 214)
- No dehydration
- Some dehydration
- Severe dehydration
12. Note on iron deficiency & folic acid (pg 215)
- Iron deficiency → anemia
- Folic acid → needed for RBC formation
- Prevention: iron supplements
13. Management of iron deficiency
- Iron supplements
- Iron-rich diet
- Treat cause
- Deworming
14. Immunization definition + live & killed vaccines
Immunization: Process of making a person immune to disease.
Live vaccines:
- BCG
- OPV
- Measles
- Rotavirus
Killed vaccines:
- IPV
- DPT
- Hepatitis B
- Typhoid
15. Routine immunization schedule
At Birth: BCG, OPV0, Hep B
6 weeks: OPV, Penta, PCV
10 weeks: OPV, Penta
14 weeks: OPV, Penta, PCV
9 months: Measles
16. Records
- ANC register
- Immunization card
- Birth register
- Family planning register
- Home visit register
Quick Revision Cheats By Dr.AbdulRehman Yousaf
🟡 FOOD & NUTRITION
🔵 CHILD HEALTH PRACTICE
LHV 2nd Year Group B Important Guess 2025–2026 is a complete, updated, and highly accurate guide for Maternal Health Practice, Family Planning, Food & Nutrition, and Child Health. This guess paper is specially designed for LHV students preparing for annual examinations under NEBP/PNEB.
Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf -03436253247
In this blog, you will find most expected short questions, important long questions, high-yield definitions, and last-night revision notes. Each topic is explained in simple, conceptual, and exam-oriented language so students can memorize faster and score maximum marks.
This guess paper covers all major areas including Safe Motherhood, Antenatal & Postnatal Care, Family Planning Methods, IUCD, Nutrients, Malnutrition, Breastfeeding, Newborn Care, Immunization Schedule, and much more.
These notes are based on previous past papers, syllabus analysis, and high-probability exam trends, making it the best LHV 2nd year study guide for 2025–2026.
Whether you are revising last night or preparing throughout the year, this blog provides everything you need to pass with confidence.
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