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🧠 Anatomy & Physiology 2025 Solved Guess Paper – PMF, FBISE, PNC, PPC
📅 Updated for Allied Health Diplomas 2025-2026,27.
✍️ By MedicalNotesPastPapers Medical
🎯 Why This Guess Paper Is a Must-Have?
This expertly curated Anatomy & Physiology 2025 guess paper is based on an in-depth analysis of past 5-year board papers across:
 |
| By:Professor Dr.Abdul Rehman Yousaf |
✅ Punjab Medical Faculty (PMF)
✅ Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE)
✅ Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC)
✅ Pharmacy Council & OTT (Operation Theatre Technology)
This guide is ideal for:
📘 Dispenser
🔬 Medical Lab Technology (MLT)
🏥 OTT (Operation Theatre Technology)
🧪 Radiology, Nursing, and Allied Health diplomas
📕 Table of Contents
Long Answer Questions (Solved)
Short Notes (High Yield)
Very Short Answer Questions
Most Repeated Topics
20+ Most Important Definitions (For MCQs & VSAQs)
Download PDF + Diagram Version
Free Thumbnail for Sharing
📖 Long Answer Questions (Fully Solved)
1. Human Heart – Structure & Functions
The human heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located in the mediastinum between the lungs. It consists of four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles) and four valves (Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Pulmonary, Aortic). Its walls are composed of pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Functions:
Pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Maintains blood pressure and circulation
Distributes nutrients and removes wastes
✅ Pro Tip: Draw a labeled heart diagram in exams for bonus marks!
2. Respiratory System – Anatomy & Physiology
Organs:
Upper: Nose, pharynx, larynx
Lower: Trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Functions:
Inhalation/exhalation using diaphragm
Gas exchange in alveoli
Regulates acid-base balance (pH)
3. Digestive System – Structure & Functions
Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder).
Key Roles:
Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Elimination
Bile secretion, enzyme release, and nutrient absorption
4. Nephron & Urine Formation
Parts: Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct
Steps:
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion
💡 Include a labeled nephron diagram for full marks.
✍️ Short Notes (Must Write in Exams)
Structure of Neuron: Soma, axon, dendrites, myelin
Functions of Liver: Bile, detox, protein synthesis
Pituitary Hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, ADH, Oxytocin
Functions of Skin: Protection, sensation, temperature control
Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary, movement & posture
Blood Clotting: Platelets → Thrombin → Fibrin → Clot
🧾 Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs)
🔹 Question 🔍 Answer
Define Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy: Structure, Physiology: Function
Parts of CNS
Brain and spinal cord
What is Homeostasis?
Internal stability
Function of Hemoglobin
Carries oxygen
Define Synapse?
Gap between neurons
2 Functions of Kidney
Filters blood, forms urine
Types of Muscles
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What is Blood Pressure?
Force of blood in arteries
Define Osmosis
Water moves via semi-permeable membrane
Layers of Skin
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
🔁 High-Yield Topics (Always Repeated!)
✅ Heart & Circulatory System
✅ Digestive Tract
✅ Respiratory Organs
✅ Kidney & Nephron
✅ Endocrine Glands (Especially Pituitary)
✅ Blood Structure
✅ Brain, Spinal Cord & Neuron
✅ Skin & Muscles
(Below are detailed, student-friendly notes for the most High-Yield Topics in Anatomy & Physiology 2025. These are specially tailored for Dispenser, MLT, OTT, and other Allied Health diplomas under PMF, FBISE, PNC, and PPC. Explanations are simplified, exam-oriented, and based on past paper trends.)
📚 Detailed Notes: High-Yield Topics (Repeated Every Year)
✅ 1. Human Heart & Circulatory System
Structure:
Located in chest (left side), cone-shaped.
4 chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
4 main valves to prevent backflow: Tricuspid, Bicuspid (Mitral), Pulmonary, Aortic.
Circulation Types:
Pulmonary circulation: Right heart → lungs → oxygenated blood
Systemic circulation: Left heart → body → supplies oxygen/nutrients
Functions:
Pumps blood
Maintains blood pressure
Transports O₂, CO₂, hormones, waste
Important Vessels:
Arteries: Carry blood away from heart (e.g., Aorta)
Veins: Carry blood towards heart (e.g., Vena Cava)
📝 Pro Tip: Always label the heart with chambers and valves.
✅ 2. Digestive System (Tract)
Major Organs:
Mouth: Starts mechanical and chemical digestion
Esophagus: Connects throat to stomach
Stomach: Produces acid + enzymes (Pepsin)
Small Intestine: Absorbs nutrients (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large Intestine: Absorbs water; forms feces
Anus: Waste expelled
Accessory Organs:
Liver: Makes bile for fat digestion
Pancreas: Enzymes for protein, fat, carbs
Gallbladder: Stores bile
📝 Tip: Learn digestive enzymes and functions of each organ.
✅ 3. Respiratory System
Main Organs:
Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs → Alveoli
Key Functions:
Inhalation (Inspiration): Diaphragm contracts → air in
Exhalation (Expiration): Diaphragm relaxes → air out
Gas Exchange: O₂ in, CO₂ out at alveoli
Lung Facts:
Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes (due to heart space)
📝 Alveoli = site of gas exchange. Must-remember for viva/MCQ.
✅ 4. Kidney & Nephron
Kidney Functions:
Filters blood
Removes waste (urea, uric acid)
Regulates water, salts, blood pH
Nephron (Microscopic Unit):
Each kidney has 1 million+
Main parts: Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, Collecting duct
Urine Formation:
1. Filtration in glomerulus
2. Reabsorption in tubules
3. Secretion of ions/waste
4. Excretion through ureter
📝 Nephron diagram is often asked. Label all parts clearly.
✅ 5. Endocrine Glands (Especially Pituitary)
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland):
Located at brain base
Regulates other glands via hormones
Anterior Hormones:
GH (Growth Hormone)
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating)
ACTH (Adrenal Stimulating)
FSH, LH (Reproduction)
Prolactin (Milk production)
Posterior Hormones:
ADH (Water balance)
Oxytocin (Labor, bonding)
📝 Compare endocrine vs exocrine glands for MCQs.
✅ 6. Blood Composition & Function
Main Components:
Plasma: Liquid part (90% water)
RBCs (Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen via hemoglobin
WBCs (Leukocytes): Fight infection
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Help in clotting
Blood Types: A, B, AB, O (+ or - Rh factor)
Functions:
Transport O₂, nutrients, hormones
Immune defense
Clot formation
📝 Learn normal values: RBCs, WBCs, Hemoglobin levels for viva.
✅ 7. Brain, Spinal Cord & Neuron
Brain Divisions:
Cerebrum: Thinking, memory, voluntary actions
Cerebellum: Balance, coordination
Brainstem (Medulla): Involuntary actions (heartbeat, breathing)
Spinal Cord:
Connects brain to body
Transmits nerve signals
Neuron Structure:
Dendrites, cell body, axon, synapse
Function:
Transmits electrical impulses
📝 Draw neuron diagram. Label axon, dendrite, myelin sheath.
✅ 8. Skin & Muscles
Skin:
Largest organ of body
Layers: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
Functions: Protection, sensation, temperature control
Muscles:
Skeletal: Voluntary, attached to bones
Smooth: Involuntary, found in organs
Cardiac: Involuntary, found in heart
📝 Skin diagram + types of muscles are popular short questions.
✅ Summary Table for Revision
Topic Must-Know Concepts
📒Heart Chambers, valves, circulation
📒Digestion Organs + enzymes
📒Respiration Alveoli, inhalation, gas exchange
📒Kidney Nephron structure, filtration steps
📒Endocrine Pituitary hormones (GH, TSH, ADH)
📒Blood RBCs, WBCs, plasma, clotting
📒Nervous Brain parts, neuron, synapse
📒Skin & Muscle Layers, types, muscle functions
🧠 20+ Must-Know Definitions for MCQs & Viva
Term : Definition
Anatomy : Study of body structure
Physiology Study of body functions
Homeostasis Balance of internal environment
Neuron Basic unit of nervous system
Synapse Nerve junction
Hemoglobin Oxygen carrier in RBCs
Blood Pressure Force of blood in arteries
Osmosis Water movement
Nephron Kidney’s filter unit
Hormone Chemical messenger
Digestion Breakdown of food
Respiration Energy release in cells
Lymph Immune fluid
Cell Basic life unit
Tissue Group of similar cells
Artery Blood away from heart
Vein Blood to the heart
Skeleton Framework of bones
Skin Largest organ
Enzyme Biological catalyst
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